Cementitious composition and admixture

ABSTRACT

A cementitious composition including at least one cementitious and/or pozzolanic material and at least one desugared molasses. A method of preparing a cementitious composition including forming a mixture of water, at least one cementitious and/or pozzolanic material and at least one desugared molasses. An admixture for cementitious compositions including: (i) at least one desugared molasses; and (ii) at least one additional active admixture component.

This application is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No.14/548,415 filed on Nov. 20, 2014, which is a continuation applicationof U.S. Ser. No. 13/836,639 filed on Mar. 15, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No.8,920,556 B2, which is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No.13/528,903 filed on Jun. 21, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,460,460 B2, whichclaims the benefit of the filing date under 35 U.S.C. §119(e), of U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/500,873, filed Jun. 24, 2011, whichapplications are incorporated by reference herein.

Admixtures for cementitious compositions are of widely varyingformulations, and are designed to achieve many different purposes.Admixtures typically include materials which are incorporated into thecementitious composition in order to provide certain physical propertiesto the cementitious composition, such as, but not limited to, increasingthe strength of the composition once it begins to set, reducing theamount of water required for adequate workability of the composition, oraltering the time required for the composition to set.

The cementitious composition industry is constantly searching for newadmixtures which will render processes for producing the compositionsmore efficient and improve the resulting cementitious compositions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of rate of heat evolution of acement paste containing no admixture compared with cement pastescontaining sugar beet molasses and desugared sugar beet molasses.

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of set time of cementitiouscompositions containing sugar beet molasses compared with cementitiouscompositions containing desugared sugar beet molasses.

FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of slump data of samplecementitious compositions containing fly ash.

FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of set time data of samplecementitious compositions with and without fly ash.

FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of compressive strength data ofsample cementitious compositions containing slag.

FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of compressive strength data ofsample cementitious compositions with and without fly ash.

FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of compressive strength data ofsample cementitious compositions with and without slag.

FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of compressive strength data ofsample cementitious compositions with and without slag.

Provided is an admixture and/or cementitious composition comprising atleast one desugared molasses. Also provided is a method of preparing acementitious composition comprising forming a mixture of water, at leastone cementitious and/or pozzolanic material, and at least one desugaredmolasses.

As used herein, the term “desugared molasses” is defined as at least oneof: (i) a molasses which has undergone a process to remove sugar fromthe molasses; or (ii) a molasses with a total sugar content less than orequal to about 45% by weight of the molasses, based on the dry weight ofthe molasses. In certain embodiments, a “desugared molasses” may have asucrose content less than or equal to about 40% by weight of themolasses, based on the dry weight of the molasses. In certainembodiments, a “desugared molasses” may have a sucrose content less thanor equal to about 35% by weight of the molasses, based on the dry weightof the molasses. In certain embodiments, a “desugared molasses” may havea sucrose content less than 30% by weight of the molasses, based on thedry weight of the molasses. In certain embodiments, a “desugaredmolasses” may have a total water content of less than about 40% byweight as manufactured, excluding any water added to the desugaredmolasses product after manufacturing, based on the total weight of thedesugared molasses. In certain embodiments, a “desugared molasses” mayexclude byproducts of molasses fermentation processes.

Desugared molasses is available commercially from a number of sources,such as MidWest Agri-Commodities, San Rafael, Calif., American CrystalSugar Company, Hillsboro, N. Dak. and Western Sugar Cooperative, Denver,Colo. As used herein, the term “desugared”, when not used in the exactterm “desugared molasses”, refers to the result of a process to removesugar from a material. The term “dry weight” refers to the total weightof a material or mixture, excluding the weight of any water present inthe material or mixture.

Molasses is a byproduct of many sugar refining processes, and includesthe material which is left over after sugar is extracted from a rawmaterial, such as sugar beets or sugar cane. Molasses may contain highamounts of residual sugars, and for that reason molasses may beprocessed to extract additional sugar therefrom in order to maximize thesugar yield of a sugar refining process. The material leftover aftermolasses has been processed is sometimes referred to generally asdesugared molasses. However, the definition of the term “desugaredmolasses” provided above extends beyond byproducts of processes utilizedto extract sugar from molasses.

A non-limiting example of a process to remove sugar from sugar beetmolasses is molasses desugaring by chromatography (“MDC”), described inChapter 8 of Beet Sugar Handbook by Mosen Asaid, PhD (WileyInterscience, 2007, pp. 517-545). The MDC process may be based onion-exclusion chromatography technology. The MDC process works based onthe exclusion or rejection of ionic compounds and the inclusion orabsorption of nonionic compounds. The MDC process is a multi-componentprocess separating not only the sucrose fraction (or extract) from thenonsucrose fraction (raffinate), but also recovering other valuablecomponents of molasses, such as betaine.

Briefly outlined, the steps of the MDC process include: (1) diluting themolasses to 60% to 70% dry solids with water; (2) filtering the dilutedmolasses to remove suspended solids; (3) heating the filtered dilutemolasses; (4) deaerating the dilute molasses; (5) feeding the deaerateddilute molasses through a distributor to a separator containing packedresin in sodium or potassium form; and (6) eluting the separator toremove the products trapped by the resin. As the feed passes through theresin, the nonionic substances (mainly sucrose) attach to the resin, andthe ionic substances (mainly nonsucroses) continue moving through theresin bed. The ionic compounds fraction (raffinate) is collected first,and after additional processing becomes a desugared molasses. Theelution water then removes sucrose and other nonionic components fromthe resin in order to produce additional sugar.

A non-limiting example of a process to remove sugar from sugar canemolasses is simulated moving bed chromatography (“SMB chromatography”),described in “Enhancement of Sugar Production Part 2: ChromatographicSeparation of Sugarcane Molasses” by H. N. P. Stolz and P. I. Bekker(Proc S Afr Sug Technol Ass (2001) 75, pp. 351-357). The SMBchromatography process is similar to the MDC process describe above,with additional measures taken to ensure efficient separation of sugarcane molasses.

Those materials which fall into the definition of desugared molassesprovided above are typically (but need not be) waste products of sugaror other agricultural refining processes. For this reason, desugaredmolasses may be less costly to procure than other components ofconventional cementitious composition admixtures. Surprisingly, thesubject desugared molasses provides benefits to cementitiouscompositions that meet or exceed those benefits provided by conventionaladmixtures, such as conventional water reducing admixtures.

In certain embodiments, a cementitious composition is provided whichcomprises at least one cementitious and/or pozzolanic material and atleast one desugared molasses. For example, the cementitious compositionmay contain an admixture comprising at least one desugared molasses. Thecementitious and/or pozzolanic material may comprise at least one ofcement, fly ash, slag, such as blast furnace slag, silica fume ormetakaolin. The cement may be a portland cement, a calcium aluminatecement, a magnesium phosphate cement, a magnesium potassium phosphatecement, a calcium sulfoaluminate cement, a gypsum-based cement, or anyother suitable hydraulic binder.

In certain embodiments, the at least one desugared molasses may compriseat least one of desugared sugar beet molasses, desugared sugar canemolasses, or soy molasses (which may or may not be desugared). Thesubject desugared molasses, added to a cementitious composition eitheralone or in combination with other materials, may act in thecementitious composition as a water reducer (also called dispersants orplasticizers), a set retarder, an air entrainment aid, and/or a strengthenhancer.

Desugared molasses is typically available as a liquid material, but itmay be dried for use according to the present compositions and method.In certain embodiments, the at least one desugared molasses may containan effective of amount of from greater than 0% to about 45% sugars byweight, based on the dry weight of the at least one desugared molasses.In further embodiments, the at least one desugared molasses may containan effective amount of from greater than 0% to about 40% sucrose byweight, based on the dry weight of the at least one desugared molasses.

Desugared sugar beet molasses is a desirable product for use in thesubject cementitious composition, admixture and method because it is notfit for human consumption, which reduces the value of the material.Samples of commercially available desugared sugar beet molasses wereanalyzed and determined to have the following composition (percentagesare by weight based on total weight of the sample):

TABLE A Total Water - Karl-Fischer Method 36-40% Total Dry MatterContent 60-64% Protein 6.3-6.9% NPN Equivalent to Protein 0.1-0.2%Calcium 0.05-0.3% Phosphorous <0.1% Potassium 6.7-8.1% Sodium 1.6-1.9%Chloride 0.4-0.5% Sulfates 0.6-1.5 Reducing Sugars 1.2-1.9% Fructose<0.1% Glucose <0.1% Lactose 0-1.2% Maltose 0-1.9% Sucrose 12-22%The analyzed desugared sugar beet molasses should not be construed tolimit in any way the scope of the present subject matter. Desugaredsugar beet molasses is merely one example of possible desugared molasseswhich may be utilized according to the present compositions and method.Further, the composition of desugared sugar beet molasses may varywidely, and some desugared sugar beet molasses may not containcomponents which fall within the ranges presented in Table A. Table A isprovided for illustrative purposes only.

The subject desugared molasses may be combined with any of a number ofconventional cementitious composition ingredients or admixtures whichinclude, but are not limited to: dispersants, air entrainers,aggregates, pozzolans, fillers, set and strength accelerators/enhancers,set retarders, water reducers, corrosion inhibitors, wetting agents,water soluble polymers, rheology modifying agents, water repellents,fibers, dampproofing admixtures, permeability reducers, pumping aids,fungicidal admixtures, germicidal admixtures, insecticide admixtures,finely divided mineral admixtures, alkali-reactivity reducers, bondingadmixtures, shrinkage reducing admixtures, and any other ingredient oradmixture that does not adversely affect the properties of thecementitious composition. The cementitious compositions need not containone of each of the foregoing materials.

In various embodiments, the dispersant may be at least one oftraditional water reducers such as lignosulfonates, melamine sulfonateresins, sulfonated melamine formaldehyde condensates, salts ofsulfonated melamine sulfonate condensates, beta naphthalene sulfonates,naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate resins, salts ofsulfonated naphthalene sulfonate condensates, or urea formaldehyde-baseddispersants; or, polycarboxylate, polyaspartate, or oligomericdispersants.

In various embodiments, the shrinkage reducers may comprise diols,ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, and/orpolypropylene glycols.

In various embodiments, the set and strength accelerators/enhancers maycomprise at least one of nitrates, chlorides, thiocyanates, primaryamines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, alkanolamines orpolyhydroxyalkylamines. Examples of suitable alkanolamines andpolyhydroxyalkylamines include, but are not limited to, triethanolamine,tri-(hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamines, and triisopropylamine.

In various embodiments, aggregate may be included in the cementitiousformulation to provide for mortars which include fine aggregate, andconcretes which also include coarse aggregate. The fine aggregates arematerials that almost entirely pass through a Number 4 sieve (ASTM C125and ASTM C33), such as silica sand. The coarse aggregates are materialsthat are predominantly retained on a Number 4 sieve (ASTM C125 and ASTMC33), such as silica, quartz, crushed marble, glass spheres, granite,limestone, calcite, feldspar, alluvial sands, sand or any other durableaggregate, and mixtures thereof.

Fillers for cementitious compositions may include, but are not limitedto, aggregate, sand, stone, gravel, pozzolan, finely divided minerals,such as raw quartz, limestone powder, fibers, and the like, dependingupon the intended application. As non-limiting examples, stone mayinclude river rock, limestone, granite, sandstone, brownstone,conglomerate, calcite, dolomite, marble, serpentine, travertine, slate,bluestone, gneiss, quartzitic sandstone, quartzite and combinationsthereof.

A pozzolan is a siliceous or aluminosiliceous material that possesseslittle or no cementitious value but will, in the presence of water andin finely divided form, chemically react with the calcium hydroxideproduced during the hydration of portland cement to form materials withcementitious properties. Diatomaceous earth, opaline cherts, clays,shales, fly ash, slag, such as blast furnace slag, silica fume,metakaolin, volcanic tuffs and pumicites are some of the knownpozzolans. Certain ground granulated blast-furnace slags and highcalcium fly ashes possess both pozzolanic and cementitious properties.Natural pozzolan is a term of art used to define the pozzolans thatoccur in nature, such as volcanic tuffs, pumices, trasses, diatomaceousearths, opaline cherts, and some shales. Fly ash is defined in ASTMC618.

If used, silica fume can be uncompacted or can be partially compacted oradded as a slurry. Silica fume additionally reacts with the hydrationbyproducts of the cement binder, which may provide for increasedstrength of the finished articles and may decrease the permeability ofthe finished articles.

In certain embodiments, the at least one desugared molasses may bepresent in the cementitious composition in an amount of from about 0.005to about 0.4 dry weight percent, based on the weight of cementitiousmaterial. In certain embodiments, the at least one desugared molassesmay be present in the cementitious composition in an amount of fromabout 0.01 to about 0.25 dry weight percent, based on the weight ofcementitious material. In certain embodiments, the at least onedesugared molasses may be present in the cementitious composition in anamount of from about 0.02 to about 0.4 dry weight percent, based on theweight of cementitious material. In certain embodiments, the at leastone desugared molasses may be present in the cementitious composition inan amount of from about 0.02 to about 0.25 dry weight percent, based onthe weight of cementitious material. As used herein, including in theappended claims, “based on the weight of cementitious material” refersto the total dry weight of all cementitious and/or pozzolanic materialspresent in a cementitious composition.

When added to the cementitious composition in an amount of from about0.005 to about 0.25 dry weight percent, based on the weight ofcementitious material, the at least one desugared molasses may act as awater reducer. When added to the cementitious composition in an amountof from about 0.02 to about 0.4 dry weight percent, based on the weightof cementitious material, the at least one desugared molasses may act asa set time retarder. When added to the cementitious composition in anamount of from about 0.02 to about 0.25 dry weight percent, based on theweight of cementitious material, the at least one desugared molasses mayact as both a water reducer and a set time retarder.

In certain embodiments, the cementitious composition and/or theadmixture therefor may further comprise at least one set acceleratorand/or at least one strength enhancer. The at least one set acceleratorand/or at least one strength enhancer may be present in the cementitiouscomposition in an amount of from about 0.0002 to about 2 weight percentnot including added water, based on the weight of cementitious material.As used herein, the phrase “not including added water” means that theweight of the subject material does not include the weight of any waterwhich is not required for or produced during manufacture of the material

In certain embodiments, the cementitious composition and/or theadmixture therefor may further comprise at least one alkanolamine and/orat least one polyhydroxyalkylamine. The at least one alkanolamine and/orat least one polyhydroxyalkylamine may be present in the cementitiouscomposition in an amount of from about 0.008 to about 0.1 weight percentnot including added water, based on the weight of cementitious material.

In certain embodiments, provided is a method of preparing a cementitiouscomposition comprising forming a mixture of water, at least onecementitious and/or pozzolanic material, and at least one desugaredmolasses. The desugared molasses may be added to the cementitiouscomposition alone or in combination with any other materials, such asbut not limited to other cement admixtures or fillers.

In certain embodiments, provided is an admixture for cementitiouscompositions comprising: (i) at least one desugared molasses; and (ii)at least one additional active admixture component. The additionalactive admixture component may be any active admixture which will notadversely affect the activity that the desugared molasses may have on acementitious composition. The additional active admixture component maybe at least one of a water reducer, set retarder, set accelerator,strength enhancer, air detrainer, corrosion inhibitor, shrinkagereducers, viscosity modifiers, water proffers, permeability reducers,alkali silica reducers, or combinations thereof.

In certain embodiments, the set accelerator and/or strength enhancercomprises at least one alkanolamine and/or at least onepolyhydroxyalkylamine. In certain embodiments, the set accelerator mayadditionally or alternatively comprise at least one of thiocyanates,nitrates or chlorides.

In certain embodiments, the at least one desugared molasses may bepresent in the admixture in an amount of from about 2 to about 98 weightpercent, based on the total weight of active ingredients of theadmixture. In further embodiments, the at least one desugared molassesmay be present in the admixture in an amount of from about 8 to about 62weight percent, based on the total weight of active ingredients of theadmixture. As used herein, including in the appended claims, whenreferring to ingredients of an admixture, water is not included in thedefinition of “active ingredient”.

In certain embodiments, the at least one alkanolamine and/or at leastone polyhydroxyalkylamine is present in the admixture in an amount offrom about 0.1 to about 25 weight percent, based on the total weight ofactive ingredients of the admixture. In further embodiments, the atleast one alkanolamine and/or at least one polyhydroxyalkylamine ispresent in the admixture in an amount of from about 0.2 to about 15weight percent, based on the total weight of active ingredients of theadmixture.

The following examples are set forth merely to further illustrate thesubject cementitious composition and/or admixture. The illustrativeexamples should not be construed as limiting the cementitiouscomposition and/or admixture in any manner.

FIG. 1 depicts the rate of heat evolution from the hydration reaction ofcement pastes containing no admixture or admixtures made with theindicated levels of a sugar beet molasses or a desugared sugar beetmolasses. In relation to the paste containing no admixture, both themolasses and desugared molasses delayed the hydration reaction of thecement pastes. However, even with a higher dosage of the desugaredmolasses in relation to molasses, the retardation of the hydrationreaction was significantly less with the desugared molasses.

FIG. 2 compares calorimetry of hydration reactions of variouscementitious compositions containing sugar beet molasses or desugaredsugar beet molasses in order to estimate the time of set, in hours, ofeach cementitious composition. The estimated time of set is based onreaching a hydration rate of 1 W/kg. The retarding affect of thedesugared molasses is significantly less than the molasses.

The following sample cementitious compositions included variousadmixtures or no admixture, as listed in the following Tables. AdmixtureA included desugared sugar beet molasses. Admixture B includedtriethanolamine. Admixture C included water, desugared sugar beetmolasses, and about 3 weight percent of triethanolamine based on thetotal weight of the admixture, including water. Admixture D includedwater, desugared sugar beet molasses, and about 6 weight percent oftriethanolamine based on the total weight of the admixture, includingwater. Admixture E was MB-AE™ 90 air entraining admixture forcementitious compositions, available from BASF Construction Chemicals,Cleveland, Ohio. Admixture F included a conventional water reducingadmixture. The admixture doses listed in the following tables areprovided in percent by weight, based on the total weight of allcementitious materials.

The Sample concrete compositions described below were prepared andtested to determine various physical characteristics of thecompositions. The slump of each Sample was determined five minutes afterthe Sample was prepared according to ASTM C143. The air content of eachSample was determined five minutes after the Sample was preparedaccording to ASTM C231. The initial and final set times of each Samplewere determined according to ASTM C403. The compressive strength of eachSample was determined at various intervals according to ASTM C39. TheASTM standards listed in this paragraph are incorporated herein byreference as if fully written out below. Blank fields in the tablesrepresenting results of these tests indicate that testing was notconducted.

Samples 1-4 were prepared using Type I APC low-alkali cement and Class FFly Ash to create concrete compositions with admixture dosages accordingto Table 1A. Samples 1-4 each contained cement, fly ash, sand, stone andwater. The water to cementitious material proportion was 0.58 for Sample1 and 0.54 for Samples 2-4. In all of Samples 1-4, the fly ashrepresented 25% of the total cementitious materials, and the sand tototal aggregate (sand and stone) proportion was 0.44. The results of thetesting of Samples 1-4 are shown in Table 1B. Slump data from Table 1BSamples are shown in FIG. 3.

TABLE 1A Sample # 1 2 3 4 Admixture 1 None A A A Dose (wt %) 0.105 0.1050.105 Admixture 2 None None B B Dose (wt %) 0.051 0.025

TABLE 1B Sample # 1 2 3 4 Slump (in) 6.50 6.00 5.00 7.50 Slump (cm) 16.515.2 12.7 19.1 Air Content (%) 1.1 1.4 1.9 1.5 Initial Set (hrs) 4.3 6.87.1 7.1 Final Set (hrs) 5.8 8.2 8.3 8.3 Comp. Strength  1 Day (psi) 12801510 1480 1410  1 Day (N/mm²) 8.82 10.4 10.2 9.72  7 Day (psi) 2650 29603130 2790  7 Day (N/mm²) 18.3 20.4 21.6 19.2 28 Day (psi) 3970 4420 391028 Day (N/mm²) 27.4 30.5 27.0

Samples 5-8 were prepared using Type I Hercules high-alkali cement andClass F Fly Ash to create concrete compositions with admixture dosagesaccording to Table 2A. Samples 5-8 each contained cement, fly ash, sand,stone and water. The water to cementitious material proportion was 0.55for Sample 5 and 0.54 for Samples 6-8. In all of Samples 5-8, the flyash represented 25% of the total cementitious materials, and the sand tototal aggregate (sand and stone) proportion was 0.44. The results of thetesting of Samples 5-8 are shown in Table 2B. Slump data from Table 2BSamples are shown in FIG. 3.

TABLE 2A Sample # 5 6 7 8 Admixture 1 None A A A Dose (wt %) 0.105 0.1050.105 Admixture 2 None None B B Dose (wt %) 0.051 0.025

TABLE 2B Sample # 5 6 7 8 Slump (in) 6.50 6.00 5.25 7.50 Slump (cm) 16.515.2 13.3 19.1 Air Content (%) 1.5 1.9 2.5 2.0 Initial Set (hr) 3.9 5.86.4 6.6 Final Set (hr) 5.1 6.9 7.4 7.6 Comp. Strength  1 Day (psi) 18001450 1450 1170  1 Day (N/mm²) 12.4 10.0 10.0 8.07  7 Day (psi) 2570 23602910 2800  7 Day (N/mm²) 17.7 16.3 20.1 19.3 28 Day (psi) 4080 4050 39903590 28 Day (N/mm²) 28.1 27.9 27.5 24.7

As shown in FIG. 3, the desugared molasses of Admixture A, alone or incombination with Admixture B, provided improved slump properties ofcementitious compositions containing fly ash with respect to thecementitious compositions without admixtures.

Samples 9-13 were prepared using Type I Hercules high-alkali cement andClass F Fly Ash to create concrete compositions with admixture dosagesaccording to Table 3A. Samples 9-13 each contained cement, fly ash,sand, stone and water. The water to cementitious material proportion was0.59 for Sample 9 and 0.55 for Samples 10-13. In all of Samples 9-13,the fly ash represented 25% of the total cementitious materials, and thesand to total aggregate (sand and stone) proportion was 0.44. Theresults of the testing of Samples 9-13 are shown in Table 3B.

TABLE 3A Sample # 9 10 11 12 13 Admixture 1 None A A A A Dose (wt %)0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 Admixture 2 None None B B B Dose (wt %) 0.0120.025 0.051

TABLE 3B Sample # 9 10 11 12 13 Slump (in) 5.25 4.50 4.50 4.00 5.00Slump (cm) 13.3 11.4 11.4 10.2 12.7 Air Content (%) 1.7 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.3Initial Set (hr) 5.3 8.4 8.2 8.2 8.9 Final Set (hr) 7.0 10.2 10.0 10.210.7 Comp. Strength  1 Day (psi) 1090 1260 1260 1190 1160  1 Day (N/mm²)7.51 8.69 8.69 8.20 8.00  7 Day (psi) 2500 3115 2850 2995 2765  7 Day(N/mm²) 17.2 21.5 19.6 20.7 19.1 28 Day (psi) 3920 4620 4580 4640 444028 Day (N/mm²) 27.0 31.9 31.6 32.0 30.6

Samples 14-18 were prepared using Type I APC low-alkali cement and ClassF Fly Ash to create concrete compositions with admixture dosagesaccording to Table 4A. Samples 14-18 each contained cement, fly ash,sand, stone and water. The water to cementitious material proportion was0.60 for Sample 14, 0.54 for Samples 15-16, and 0.52 for Samples 17-18.In all of Samples 14-18, the fly ash represented 25% of the totalcementitious materials, and the sand to total aggregate (sand and stone)proportion was 0.44. The results of the testing of Samples 14-18 areshown in Table 4B.

TABLE 4A Sample # 14 15 16 17 18 Admixture 1 None A A A A Dose (wt %)0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 Admixture 2 None None B B B Dose (wt %) 0.0120.025 0.051

TABLE 4B Sample # 14 15 16 17 18 Slump (in) 6.25 4.50 4.25 3.25 5.25Slump (cm) 15.9 11.4 10.8 8.26 13.3 Air Content (%) 1.1 1.6 1.9 1.9 2.0Initial Set (hr) 6.3 9.2 9.1 8.9 9.6 Final Set (hr) 8.9 11.8 11.8 11.411.7 Comp. Strength  1 Day (psi) 1020 1110 1180 1260 1040  1 Day (N/mm²)7.03 7.65 8.13 8.69 7.17  7 Day (psi) 2715 3255 3425 3530 3470  7 Day(N/mm²) 18.7 22.4 23.6 24.3 23.9 28 Day (psi) 3960 4670 4760 4650 475028 Day (N/mm²) 27.3 32.2 32.8 32.1 32.7

Samples 19-23 were prepared using Type I Lehigh moderate-alkali cementto create concrete compositions with admixture dosages according toTable 5A. Samples 19-23 each contained cement, sand, stone and water.The water to cement proportion was 0.56 for Sample 19 and 0.51 forSamples 20-23. In all of Samples 19-23, the sand to total aggregate(sand and stone) proportion was 0.44, with Samples 20-23 having about 2%more aggregate than Sample 19, by weight. The results of the testing ofSamples 19-23 are shown in Table 5B. Set time data from Table 5B Samplesare shown in FIG. 4.

TABLE 5A Sample # 19 20 21 22 23 Admixture 1 None A A A A Dose (wt %)0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 Admixture 2 None None B B B Dose (wt %) 0.0120.025 0.051

TABLE 5B Sample # 19 20 21 22 23 Slump (in) 5.75 4.75 4.75 3.75 6.75Slump (cm) 14.6 12.1 12.1 9.53 17.1 Air Content (%) 1.7 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.8Initial Set (hr) 4.8 7.9 7.5 7.6 8.3 Final Set (hr) 6.4 10.0 9.3 9.3 9.7Comp. Strength 1 Day (psi) 1780 1960 2390 2330 2260 1 Day (N/mm²) 12.313.5 16.5 16.1 15.6 7 Day (psi) 3720 4450 4730 4470 4310 7 Day (N/mm²)25.6 30.7 32.6 30.8 29.7

Samples 24-28 were prepared using Type I Lehigh moderate-alkali cementand Class F Fly Ash to create concrete compositions with admixturedosages according to Table 6A. Samples 24-28 each contained cement, flyash, sand, stone and water. The water to cementitious materialproportion was 0.55 for Sample 24, 0.53 for Samples 25-26, and 0.52 forSamples 27-28. In all of Samples 24-28, the fly ash represented 25% ofthe total cementitious materials, and the sand to total aggregate (sandand stone) proportion was 0.44, with Samples 25-28 having about 2% moreaggregate than Sample 24, by weight. The results of the testing ofSamples 24-28 are shown in Table 6B. Set time data from Table 6B Samplesare shown in FIG. 4.

TABLE 6A Sample # 24 25 26 27 28 Admixture 1 None A A A A Dose (wt %)0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 Admixture 2 None None B B B Dose (wt %) 0.0120.025 0.051

TABLE 6B Sample # 24 25 26 27 28 Slump (in) 7.00 7.25 6.75 6.25 7.00Slump (cm) 17.8 18.4 17.1 15.9 17.8 Air Content (%) 1.5 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.6Initial Set (hr) 5.3 9.1 9.3 9.8 9.6 Final Set (hr) 7.1 11.3 11.3 11.711.6 Comp. Strength 1 Day (psi) 1017 1050 1200 1160 1220 1 Day (N/mm²)7.01 7.24 8.27 8.00 8.41 7 Day (psi) 2530 2670 3130 3300 3230 7 Day(N/mm²) 17.4 18.4 21.6 22.8 22.3

As shown in FIG. 4, the desugared molasses of Admixture A, alone or incombination with Admixture B, retarded the set time of the cementitiouscomposition (both with and without fly ash) as compared to acementitious composition without admixtures.

Samples 29-36 were prepared using Type I Lehigh moderate-alkali cementand slag to create concrete compositions with admixture dosagesaccording to Table 7. Samples 29-36 each contained cement, slag, sand,stone and water. The water to cementitious material proportion was 0.58for Sample 29 and 0.54 for Samples 30-36. In all of Samples 29-36, theslag represented 50% of the total cementitious materials, and the sandto total aggregate (sand and stone) proportion was 0.43, with Samples30-36 having about 2% more aggregate than Sample 29, by weight. Theresults of the testing of Samples 29-36 are also shown in Table 7.Compressive strength data from Table 7 Samples are shown in FIG. 5.

TABLE 7 Sample # 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Admixture 1 None A A A A A A ADose (wt %) 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 Admixture 2 None BB B B B B None Dose (wt %) 0.051 0.038 0.032 0.025 0.018 0.012 Slump(in) 7.25 7.25 7.75 4.25 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.25 Slump (cm) 18.4 18.4 19.710.8 10.2 10.2 10.2 8.26 Air Content (%) 2.0 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.5 3.0 2.4 2.5Initial Set (hr) 4.6 8.8 8.9 8.5 8.3 8.4 8.3 8.1 Final Set (hr) 7.4 11.010.9 10.8 10.7 10.6 10.5 10.4 Comp. Strength 1 Day (psi) 880 1040 10401160 1210 1110 1090 1030 1 Day (N/mm²) 6.07 7.17 7.17 8.00 8.34 7.657.51 7.10 7 Day (psi) 3980 5140 5370 5560 5420 5260 5470 5370 7 Day(N/mm²) 27.4 35.4 37.0 38.3 37.4 36.6 37.7 37.0 28 Day (psi) 5760 71307210 7310 7450 7100 7510 7310 28 Day (N/mm²) 39.7 49.2 49.7 50.4 51.448.9 51.8 50.4

As shown in FIG. 5, the desugared molasses of Admixture A, alone or incombination with Admixture B, increased the compressive strength of thecementitious composition containing slag as compared to a similarcementitious composition without admixtures.

Samples 37-41 were prepared using Type I Lehigh moderate-alkali cementto create concrete compositions with admixture dosages according toTable 8A. Samples 37-41 each contained cement, sand, stone and water.The water to cement proportion was 0.58 for Sample 37 and 0.52 forSamples 38-41. In all of Samples 37-41, the sand to total aggregate(sand and stone) proportion was 0.46, with Samples 38-41 having about 2%more aggregate than Sample 37, by weight. The results of the testing ofSamples 37-41 are shown in Table 8B.

TABLE 8A Sample # 37 38 39 40 41 Admixture 1 None A A A A Dose (wt %)0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 Admixture 2 None None B B B Dose (wt %) 0.0510.025 0.012

TABLE 8B Sample # 37 38 39 40 41 Slump (in) 6.25 3.00 3.50 3.75 3.75Slump (cm) 15.9 7.62 8.89 9.53 9.53 Air Content (%) 2.1 2.8 3.3 3.1 2.5Initial Set (hr) 4.7 7.9 8.5 8.0 7.7 Final Set (hr) 6.9 10.0 10.4 9.99.6 Comp. Strength  1 Day (psi) 1420 1650 1990 2270 2200  1 Day (N/mm²)9.79 11.4 13.7 15.6 15.2  7 Day (psi) 3370 4200 4230 4530 4850  7 Day(N/mm²) 23.2 29.0 29.2 31.2 33.4 28 Day (psi) 4670 5080 5090 5230 563028 Day (N/mm²) 32.2 35.0 35.1 36.1 38.8

Samples 42-46 were prepared using Type I Lehigh moderate-alkali cementand slag to create concrete compositions with admixture dosagesaccording to Table 9A. Samples 42-46 each contained cement, slag, sand,stone and water. The water to cementitious material proportion was 0.58for Sample 42 and 0.53 for Samples 43-46. In all of Samples 42-46, theslag represented 50% of the total cementitious materials, and the sandto total aggregate (sand and stone) proportion was 0.46, with Samples43-46 having about 2% more aggregate than Sample 42, by weight. Theresults of the testing of Samples 42-46 are shown in Table 9B.

TABLE 9A Sample # 42 43 44 45 46 Admixture 1 None A A A A Dose (wt %)0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 Admixture 2 None None B B B Dose (wt %) 0.0510.025 0.012

TABLE 9B Sample # 42 43 44 45 46 Slump (in) 7.25 1.50 6.75 4.75 6.75Slump (cm) 18.4 3.81 17.1 12.1 17.1 Air Content (%) 2.1 2.9 3.2 3.0 2.8Initial Set (hr) 5.2 7.8 9.2 9.0 9.1 Final Set (hr) 7.9 11.0 11.7 11.211.7 Comp. Strength  1 Day (psi) 800 1070 850 950 810  1 Day (N/mm²)5.51 7.38 5.86 6.55 5.58  7 Day (psi) 3900 5450 4590 4880 4860  7 Day(N/mm²) 26.9 37.6 31.6 33.6 33.5 28 Day (psi) 5790 6910 6320 6400 676028 Day (N/mm²) 39.9 47.6 43.6 44.1 46.6

Samples 47-51 were prepared using Type I Lehigh moderate-alkali cementand Class F Fly Ash to create concrete compositions with admixturedosages according to Table 10A. Samples 47-51 each contained cement, flyash, sand, stone and water. The water to cementitious materialproportion was 0.53 for Sample 47 and 0.48 for Samples 48-51. In all ofSamples 47-51, the fly ash represented 25% of the total cementitiousmaterials, and the sand to total aggregate (sand and stone) proportionwas 0.44, with Samples 48-51 having about 2% more aggregate than Sample47, by weight. The admixtures C utilized in Samples 48-51 containedsamples of desugared molasses which were obtained from different sugarbeet molasses processing batches. The results of the testing of Samples47-51 are shown in Table 10B. Compressive strength data from Table 10BSamples are shown in FIG. 6.

TABLE 10A Samples # 47 48 49 50 51 Admixture None C C C C Dose (wt %)0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12

TABLE 10B Sample # 47 48 46 50 51 Slump (in) 6.50 5.50 6.75 8.00 5.00Slump (cm) 16.5 14.0 17.1 20.3 12.7 Air Content (%) 1.4 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.3Initial Set (hr) 5.4 12.1 10.5 10.5 10.5 Final Set (hr) 7.4 13.8 12.412.2 11.9 Comp. Strength 1 Day (psi) 1150 1320 1430 1370 1430 1 Day(N/mm²) 7.93 9.10 9.86 9.44 9.86 7 Day (psi) 2730 3960 3970 3880 4030 7Day (N/mm²) 18.8 27.3 27.4 26.7 27.8 28 Day (psi) 3790 5230 4970 51005190 28 Day (N/mm²) 26.1 36.1 34.3 35.2 35.8

Samples 52-56 were prepared using Type I Lehigh moderate-alkali cementto create concrete compositions with admixture dosages according toTable 11A. Samples 52-56 each contained cement, sand, stone and water.The water to cement proportion was 0.52 for Sample 52 and 0.48 forSamples 53-56. In all of Samples 52-56, the sand to total aggregate(sand and stone) proportion was 0.44, with Samples 53-56 having about 2%more aggregate than Sample 52, by weight. The admixtures C utilized inSamples 53-56 contained samples of desugared molasses which wereobtained from different sugar beet molasses processing batches. Theresults of the testing of Samples 52-56 are shown in Table 11B.Compressive strength data from Table 11B Samples are shown in FIG. 6.

TABLE 11A Sample # 52 53 54 55 56 Admixture None C C C C Dose (wt %)0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12

TABLE 11B Sample # 52 53 54 55 56 Slump (in) 6.75 4.50 7.50 4.00 4.25Slump (cm) 17.1 11.4 19.1 10.2 10.8 Air Content (%) 1.6 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.8Initial Set (hr) 5.0 11.3 10.1 9.6 9.1 Final Set (hr) 6.5 12.8 11.9 11.310.7 Comp. Strength 1 Day (psi) 1820 2260 2350 2450 2510 1 Day (N/mm²)12.6 15.6 16.2 16.9 17.3 7 Day (psi) 4150 5130 5060 5140 5130 7 Day(N/mm²) 28.6 35.4 34.9 35.4 35.4 28 Day (psi) 5200 5810 6020 6060 623028 Day (N/mm²) 35.8 40.1 41.5 41.8 42.9

As shown in FIG. 6, Admixture C containing desugared molasses increasedthe compressive strength of the cementitious composition (both with andwithout fly ash) as compared to similar cementitious compositionswithout admixtures.

Samples 57-61 were prepared using Type I Lehigh moderate-alkali cementand Class F Fly Ash to create concrete compositions with admixturedosages according to Table 12A. Samples 57-61 each contained cement, flyash, sand, stone and water. The water to cementitious materialproportion was 0.50 for Sample 57 and 0.45 for Samples 58-61. In all ofSamples 57-61, the fly ash represented 25% of the total cementitiousmaterials, and the sand to total aggregate (sand and stone) proportionwas 0.42, with Samples 58-61 having about 3% more aggregate than Sample57, by weight. The admixtures C utilized in Samples 58-61 containedsamples of desugared molasses which were obtained from different sugarbeet molasses processing batches. The results of the testing of Samples57-61 are shown in Table 12B.

TABLE 12A Sample # 57 58 59 60 61 Admixture 1 None C C C C Dose (wt %)0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 Admixture 2 E E E E E Dose (wt %) 0.006 0.13 0.130.13 0.13 Dose (oz/cwt) 0.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

TABLE 12B Sample # 57 58 59 60 61 Slump (in) 6.50 6.50 5.25 5.50 6.50Slump (cm) 16.5 16.5 13.3 14.0 16.5 Air Content (%) 2.3 7.5 7.2 7.5 7.6Initial Set (hr) Final Set (hr) Comp. Strength 1 Day (psi) 710 700 820630 1 Day (N/mm²) 4.89 4.83 5.65 4.34 7 Day (psi) 3190 3140 3190 3020 7Day (N/mm²) 22.0 21.6 22.0 20.8 28 Day (psi) 4350 4090 4260 3930 28 Day(N/mm²) 30.0 28.2 29.4 27.1

Samples 62-66 were prepared using Type I Lehigh moderate-alkali cementand Class F Fly Ash to create concrete compositions with admixturedosages according to Table 13A. Samples 62-66 each contained cement, flyash, sand, stone and water. The water to cementitious materialproportion was 0.50 for Sample 62 and 0.47 for Samples 63-66. In all ofSamples 62-66, the fly ash represented 25% of the total cementitiousmaterials, and the sand to total aggregate (sand and stone) proportionwas 0.42, with Samples 63-66 having about 3% more aggregate than Sample62, by weight. The admixtures C utilized in Samples 63-66 containedsamples of desugared molasses which were obtained from different sugarbeet molasses processing batches. The results of the testing of Samples62-66 are shown in Table 13B.

TABLE 13A Sample # 62 63 64 65 66 Admixture None C C C C Dose (wt %)0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

TABLE 13B Sample # 62 63 64 65 66 Slump (in) 5.00 4.00 3.75 4.00 4.75Slump (cm) 12.7 10.2 9.53 10.2 12.1 Air Content (%) 1.6 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5Initial Set (hr) 8.8 14.5 14.0 14.6 15.2 Final Set (hr) 13.4 19.4 19.219.9 18.9 Comp. Strength 3 Day (psi) 1230 1910 1790 1820 1950 3 Day(N/mm²) 8.48 13.2 12.3 12.5 13.4 7 Day (psi) 2300 3190 3160 3100 3170 7Day (N/mm²) 15.9 22.0 21.8 21.4 21.9 28 Day (psi) 3700 4700 4620 47704780 28 Day (N/mm²) 25.5 32.4 31.9 32.9 33.0

Samples 67-71 were prepared using Type I Lehigh moderate-alkali cementto create concrete compositions with admixture dosages according toTable 14A. Samples 67-71 each contained cement, sand, stone and water.The water to cement proportion was 0.51 for Sample 67 and 0.47 forSamples 68-71. In all of Samples 67-71, the sand to total aggregate(sand and stone) proportion was 0.42, with Samples 68-71 having about 3%more aggregate than Sample 67, by weight. The admixtures C utilized inSamples 68-71 contained samples of desugared molasses which wereobtained from different sugar beet molasses processing batches. Theresults of the testing of Samples 67-71 are shown in Table 14B.

TABLE 14A Sample # 67 68 69 70 71 Admixture None C C C C Dose (wt %)0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

TABLE 14B Sample # 67 68 69 70 71 Slump (in) 4.50 5.00 4.25 8.00 4.75Slump (cm) 11.4 12.7 10.8 20.3 12.1 Air Content (%) 1.9 2.8 2.8 2.2 2.6Initial Set (hr) 8.3 14.0 13.6 14.3 17.0 Final Set (hr) 12.0 18.2 17.117.8 Comp. Strength 3 Day (psi) 1890 2780 2670 2340 2870 3 Day (N/mm²)13.0 19.2 18.4 16.1 19.8 7 Day (psi) 3440 4310 4340 3760 4530 7 Day(N/mm²) 23.7 29.7 29.9 25.9 31.2 28 Day (psi) 5500 5960 6340 5490 648028 Day (N/mm²) 37.9 41.1 43.7 37.8 44.7

Samples 72-74 were prepared using Type I Lehigh moderate-alkali cementto create concrete compositions with admixture dosages according toTable 15A. Samples 72-74 each contained cement, sand, stone and water.The water to cement proportion was 0.51 for Sample 72 and 0.49 forSamples 73-74. In all of Samples 72-74, the sand to total aggregate(sand and stone) proportion was 0.42, with Samples 73-74 having about 3%more aggregate than Sample 72, by weight. The results of the testing ofSamples 72-74 are shown in Table 15B. Compressive strength data fromTable 15B Samples are shown in FIG. 7.

TABLE 15A Sample # 72 73 74 Admixture None C D Dose (wt %) 0.12 0.14

TABLE 15B Sample # 72 73 74 Slump (in) 4.00 3.50 3.00 Slump (cm) 10.28.89 7.62 Air Content (%) 2.0 2.8 2.9 Initial Set (hr) 4.0 7.1 7.2 FinalSet (hr) Comp. Strength 1 Day (psi) 2120 2690 2820 1 Day (N/mm²) 14.618.5 19.4 7 Day (psi) 5010 5490 5970 7 Day (N/mm²) 34.5 37.8 41.2 28 Day(psi) 6320 6630 6760 28 Day (N/mm²) 43.6 45.7 46.6

Samples 75-77 were prepared using Type I Lehigh moderate-alkali cementand slag to create concrete compositions with admixture dosagesaccording to Table 16A. Samples 75-77 each contained cement, slag, sand,stone and water. The water to cementitious material proportion was 0.53for Sample 75 and 0.48 for Samples 76-77. In all of Samples 75-77, theslag represented 50% of the total cementitious materials. The sand tototal aggregate (sand and stone) proportion was 0.42 for Samples 75 and77 and 0.43 for Sample 76. Sample 77 had about 3% more aggregate thanSample 75, by weight. The results of the testing of Samples 75-77 areshown in Table 16B. Compressive strength data from Table 16B Samples areshown in FIG. 7.

TABLE 16A Sample # 75 76 77 Admixture None C D Dose (wt %) 0.12 0.14

TABLE 16B Sample # 75 76 77 Slump (in) 5.25 3.00 3.00 Slump (cm) 13.37.62 7.62 Air Content (%) 1.8 2.9 2.9 Initial Set (hr) 4.8 8.6 8.6 FinalSet (hr) Comp. Strength 1 Day (psi) 950 1170 1080 1 Day (N/mm²) 6.558.07 7.45 7 Day (psi) 4570 6200 6090 7 Day (N/mm²) 31.5 42.7 42.0 28 Day(psi) 6730 8330 8750 28 Day (N/mm²) 46.4 57.4 60.3

As shown in FIG. 7, Admixtures C and D containing desugared molassesincreased the compressive strength of the cementitious composition (bothwith and without slag) as compared to similar cementitious compositionswithout such admixtures.

Samples 78-82 were prepared using Type I Lehigh moderate-alkali cementand slag to create concrete compositions with admixture dosagesaccording to Table 17A. Samples 78-82 each contained cement, slag, sand,stone and water. The water to cementitious material proportion was 0.55for Sample 78 and 0.50 for Samples 79-82. In all of Samples 78-82, theslag represented 50% of the total cementitious materials, and the sandto total aggregate (sand and stone) proportion was 0.42, with Samples79-82 having about 3% more aggregate than Sample 78, by weight. Theadmixtures D utilized in Samples 79-82 contained samples of desugaredmolasses which were obtained from different sugar beet molassesprocessing batches. The results of the testing of Samples 78-82 areshown in Table 17B. Compressive strength data from Table 17B Samples areshown in FIG. 8.

TABLE 17A Sample # 78 79 80 81 82 Admixture None D D D D Dose (wt %)0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14

TABLE 17B Sample # 78 79 80 81 82 Slump (in) 6.50 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.50Slump (cm) 16.5 10.2 10.2 10.2 11.4 Air Content (%) 1.9 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.8Initial Set (hr) 4.4 9.5 8.9 8.9 9.0 Final Set (hr) 7.0 11.8 10.7 10.811.0 Comp. Strength 1 Day (psi) 990 1230 1330 1350 1510 1 Day (N/mm²)6.83 8.48 9.17 9.31 10.4 7 Day (psi) 4250 6200 6100 6160 6430 7 Day(N/mm²) 29.3 42.7 42.1 42.5 44.3

Samples 83-87 were prepared using Type I Lehigh moderate-alkali cementto create concrete compositions with admixture dosages according toTable 18A. Samples 83-87 each contained cement, sand, stone and water.The water to cement proportion was 0.53 for Sample 83 and 0.50 forSamples 84-87. In all of Samples 83-87, the sand to total aggregate(sand and stone) proportion was 0.42, with Samples 84-87 having about 3%more aggregate than Sample 83, by weight. The admixtures D utilized inSamples 84-87 contained samples of desugared molasses which wereobtained from different sugar beet molasses processing batches. Theresults of the testing of Samples 83-87 are shown in Table 18B.Compressive strength data from Table 18B Samples are shown in FIG. 8.

TABLE 18A Sample # 83 84 85 86 87 Admixture None D D D D Dose (wt %)0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14

TABLE 18B Sample # 83 84 85 86 87 Slump (in) 4.50 2.00 2.75 3.00 3.50Slump (cm) 11.4 5.08 6.99 7.62 8.89 Air Content (%) 2.0 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9Initial Set (hr) 4.3 8.3 7.8 7.5 7.8 Final Set (hr) 6.0 10.0 9.2 9.2 9.4Comp. Strength 1 Day (psi) 2620 3310 3360 3160 3090 1 Day (N/mm²) 18.122.8 32.2 21.8 21.3 7 Day (psi) 4860 5280 5540 5530 5410 7 Day (N/mm²)33.5 36.4 38.2 38.1 37.3

As shown in FIG. 8, Admixture D containing desugared molasses increasedthe compressive strength of the cementitious composition as compared tosimilar cementitious compositions without such admixtures.

Samples 88-91 were prepared using Type I Lehigh moderate-alkali cement(Samples 88-89) and Type I Saylor high-alkali cement (Samples 90-91) tocreate concrete compositions with admixture dosages according to Table19A. Samples 88-91 each contained cement, sand, stone and water. Thewater to cement proportion was 0.55 for Samples 88-89 and 0.54 forSamples 91-91. In all of Samples 88-91, the sand to total aggregate(sand and stone) proportion was 0.42. The results of the testing ofSamples 88-91 are shown in Table 19B.

TABLE 19A Sample # 88 89 90 91 Admixture 1 F A F A Dose (wt %) 0.080.053 0.08 0.053 Admixture 2 None B None B Dose (wt %) 0.012 0.012

TABLE 19B Sample # 88 89 90 91 Slump (in) 5.00 6.00 7.00 6.00 Slump (cm)12.7 15.2 17.8 15.2 Air Content (%) 1.6 1.5 7.6 7.5 Initial Set (hr) 5.35.2 5.9 5.8 Final Set (hr) 6.8 6.7 7.5 7.5 Comp. Strength 1 Day (psi)2210 2090 1730 1750 1 Day (N/mm²) 15.2 14.4 11.9 12.1 7 Day (psi) 4950 —3150 3270 7 Day (N/mm²) 34.1 — 21.7 22.5 28 Day (psi) 5110 5040 36703900 28 Day (N/mm²) 35.2 34.7 25.3 26.9

Samples 92-95 were prepared using Type I Lehigh moderate-alkali cement(Samples 92-93) and Type I Saylor high-alkali cement (Samples 94-95) tocreate concrete compositions with admixture dosages according to Table20A. Samples 92-95 each contained cement, fly ash, sand, stone andwater. In all of Samples 92-95, the fly ash represented 25% of the totalcementitious materials. The water to cementitious material proportionwas 0.52 for Samples 92-95. The sand to total aggregate (sand and stone)proportion was 0.45 for Sample 92 and 0.42 for Samples 93-95. Theresults of the testing of Samples 92-95 are shown in Table 20B.

TABLE 20A Sample # 92 93 94 95 Admixture 1 F A F A Dose (wt %) 0.080.053 0.08 0.053 Admixture 2 None B None B Dose (wt %) 0.012 0.012

TABLE 20B Sample # 92 93 94 95 Slump (in) 6.25 4.75 5.75 5.50 Slump (cm)15.9 12.1 14.6 14.0 Air Content (%) 2.0 2.1 5.9 5.5 Initial Set (hr) 7.06.2 6.5 6.4 Final Set (hr) 8.7 8.2 8.5 8.2 Comp. Strength 1 Day (psi)1220 1210 1230 1280 1 Day (N/mm²) 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.8 7 Day (psi) 3180 32103030 2990 7 Day (N/mm²) 21.9 22.1 20.9 20.6 28 Day (psi) 4540 4490 41604260 28 Day (N/mm²) 31.3 31.0 28.7 29.4

Samples 96-99 were prepared using Type I Lehigh moderate-alkali cement(Samples 96-97) and Type I Hercules high-alkali cement (Samples 98-99)to create concrete compositions with admixture dosages according toTable 21A. Samples 96-99 each contained cement, slag, sand, stone andwater. In all of Samples 96-99, the slag represented 50% of the totalcementitious materials. The water to cementitious material proportionwas 0.56 for Samples 96-97 and 0.54 for Samples 98-99. The sand to totalaggregate (sand and stone) proportion was 0.42 for Samples 96-99. Theresults of the testing of Samples 96-99 are shown in Table 21B.

TABLE 21A Sample # 96 97 98 99 Admixture 1 F A F A Dose (wt %) 0.080.053 0.08 0.053 Admixture 2 None B None B Dose (wt %) 0.012 0.012

TABLE 21B Sample # 96 97 98 99 Slump (in) 6.50 6.75 5.25 5.25 Slump (cm)16.5 17.1 13.3 13.3 Air Content (%) 1.8 1.7 1.9 2.1 Initial Set (hr) 6.46.4 6.5 6.0 Final Set (hr) 8.5 8.6 8.8 7.9 Comp. Strength 1 Day (psi)800 770 740 780 1 Day (N/mm²) 5.5 5.3 5.1 5.4 7 Day (psi) 4720 4150 42904370 7 Day (N/mm²) 32.5 28.6 29.6 30.1 28 Day (psi) 6460 6190 6730 696028 Day (N/mm²) 44.5 42.7 46.4 48.0

Samples 100-103 were prepared using Type I Hercules high-alkali cementto create concrete compositions with admixture dosages according toTable 22A. Samples 100-103 each contained cement, sand, stone and water.The water to cementitious material proportion was 0.56 for Samples100-101 and 103, and 0.52 for Sample 102. The sand to total aggregate(sand and stone) proportion was 0.45 for Samples 100-103. The results ofthe testing of Samples 100-103 are shown in Table 22B.

TABLE 22A Sample # 100 101 102 103 Admixture 1 F A A A Dose (wt %) 0.110.071 0.071 0.071 Admixture 2 None B B None Dose (wt %) 0.051 0.025

TABLE 22B Sample # 100 101 102 103 Slump (in) 5.00 5.00 6.25 5.75 Slump(cm) 12.7 12.7 15.9 14.6 Air Content (%) 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.5 Initial Set(hr) 9.7 8.5 8.5 7.9 Final Set (hr) 12.7 11.5 11.7 11.2 Comp. Strength 1Day (psi) — — — — 1 Day (N/mm²) — — — — 7 Day (psi) 3760 3630 3500 35907 Day (N/mm²) 25.9 25.0 24.1 24.8 28 Day (psi) 5140 5030 4870 5040 28Day (N/mm²) 35.4 34.7 33.6 34.7

Samples 104-108 were prepared using Type I APC low-alkali cement tocreate concrete compositions with admixture dosages according to Table23A. Samples 104-108 each contained cement, fly ash, sand, stone andwater. In all of Samples 104-108, the fly ash represented 25% of thetotal cementitious materials. The water to cementitious materialproportion was 0.54 for Samples 104-108. The sand to total aggregate(sand and stone) proportion was 0.44 for Samples 104-108. The results ofthe testing of Samples 104-108 are shown in Table 23B.

TABLE 23A Sample # 104 105 106 107 108 Admixture 1 F A A A A Dose (wt %)0.11 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 Admixture 2 None None B B B Dose (wt %)0.009 0.017 0.034

TABLE 23B Sample # 104 105 106 107 108 Slump (in) 6.75 6.00 7.00 7.506.50 Slump (cm) 17.1 15.2 17.8 19.1 16.5 Air Content (%) 1.9 1.5 1.6 0.92.2 Initial Set (hr) 12.7 13.7 12.9 12.6 13.3 Final Set (hr) 17.1 19.118.5 17.9 18.6 Comp. Strength 3 Day (psi) 1440 1240 1460 1500 1430 3 Day(N/mm²) 9.9 8.5 10.1 10.3 9.9 7 Day (psi) 2930 2630 2700 2910 2810 7 Day(N/mm²) 20.2 18.1 18.6 20.1 19.4 28 Day (psi) 3890 3700 3820 3800 381028 Day (N/mm²) 26.8 25.5 26.3 26.2 26.3

Samples 109-113 were prepared using Type I Hercules high-alkali cementto create concrete compositions with admixture dosages according toTable 24A. Samples 109-113 each contained cement, fly ash, sand, stoneand water. In all of Samples 109-113, the fly ash represented 25% of thetotal cementitious materials. The water to cementitious materialproportion was 0.54 for Samples 109-113. The sand to total aggregate(sand and stone) proportion was 0.44 for Samples 109-113. The results ofthe testing of Samples 109-113 are shown in Table 24B.

TABLE 24A Sample # 109 110 111 112 113 Admixture 1 F A A A A Dose (wt %)0.11 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 Admixture 2 None None B B B Dose (wt %)0.009 0.017 0.034

TABLE 24B Sample # 109 110 111 112 113 Slump (in) 5.00 6.50 5.75 6.255.25 Slump (cm) 12.7 16.5 14.6 15.9 13.3 Air Content (%) 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.52.7 Initial Set (hr) 12.3 12.2 11.7 12.5 13.0 Final Set (hr) 16.2 16.516.3 17.3 17.6 Comp. Strength 3 Day (psi) 1300 1350 1400 1420 1360 3 Day(N/mm²) 9.0 9.3 9.7 9.8 9.4 7 Day (psi) 2110 2200 2300 2230 2250 7 Day(N/mm²) 14.5 15.2 15.9 15.4 15.5 28 Day (psi) 2940 3300 3320 3250 306028 Day (N/mm²) 20.3 22.8 22.9 22.4 21.1

The results of the experimentation performed on the Samples listed aboveshows that the use of a suitable waste material such as desugaredmolasses may provide improved results when compared to cementitiouscompositions without admixtures.

In a first embodiment, a cementitious composition may comprise at leastone cementitious and/or pozzolanic material and at least one desugaredmolasses.

The cementitious composition of the first embodiment may include thatthe at least one cementitious and/or pozzolanic material comprises atleast one of cement, fly ash, slag, silica fume or metakaolin.

The cementitious composition of either or both of the first orsubsequent embodiments may further include that the at least onedesugared molasses comprises at least one of desugared sugar beetmolasses, desugared sugar cane molasses or soy molasses.

The cementitious composition of any of the first or subsequentembodiments may further include that the at least one desugared molassescontains an effective amount of from greater than 0% to about 45% sugarsby weight, based on the dry weight of the at least one desugaredmolasses.

The cementitious composition of any of the first or subsequentembodiments may further include that the at least one desugared molassescontains an effective of amount of from greater than 0% to about 40%sucrose by weight, based on the dry weight of the at least one desugaredmolasses.

The cementitious composition of any of the first or subsequentembodiments may further include that the at least one desugared molassesis present in the cementitious composition in an amount of from about0.005 to about 0.4 dry weight percent, based on the weight ofcementitious material. The at least one desugared molasses may bepresent in the cementitious composition in an amount of from about 0.01to about 0.25 dry weight percent, based on the weight of cementitiousmaterial. The at least one desugared molasses may be present in thecementitious composition in an amount of from about 0.02 to about 0.4dry weight percent, based on the weight of cementitious material. The atleast one desugared molasses may be present in the cementitiouscomposition in an amount of from about 0.02 to about 0.25 dry weightpercent, based on the weight of cementitious material.

The cementitious composition of any of the first or subsequentembodiments may further comprise at least one set accelerator and/or atleast one strength enhancer. The at least one set accelerator and/or atleast one strength enhancer may be present in the cementitiouscomposition in an amount of from about 0.0002 to about 2 weight percentnot including added water, based on the weight of cementitious material.

The cementitious composition of any of the first or subsequentembodiments may further comprise at least one alkanolamine and/or atleast one polyhydroxyalkylamine. The at least one alkanolamine and/or atleast one polyhydroxyalkylamine may be present in the cementitiouscomposition in an amount of from about 0.008 to about 0.1 weight percentnot including added water, based on the weight of cementitious material.

In a second embodiment, a method of preparing a cementitious compositionmay comprise forming a mixture of water, at least one cementitiousand/or pozzolanic material, and at least one desugared molasses.

The method of the second embodiment may further include that the atleast one cementitious and/or pozzolanic material comprises at least oneof cement, fly ash, slag, silica fume or metakaolin.

The method of either or both of the second or subsequent embodiments mayfurther include that the at least one desugared molasses comprises atleast one of desugared sugar beet molasses, desugared sugar canemolasses or soy molasses.

The method of any of the second or subsequent embodiments may furtherinclude that the at least one desugared molasses contains an effectiveamount of from greater than 0% to about 45% sugars by weight, based onthe dry weight of the at least one desugared molasses.

The method of any of the second or subsequent embodiments may furtherinclude that the at least one desugared molasses contains an effectiveamount of from greater than 0% to about 40% sucrose by weight, based onthe dry weight of the at least one desugared molasses.

The method of any of the second or subsequent embodiments may furtherinclude that the at least one desugared molasses is present in thecementitious composition in an amount of from about 0.005 to about 0.4dry weight percent, based on the weight of cementitious material. The atleast one desugared molasses may be added to the cementitiouscomposition in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 0.25 dry weightpercent, based on the weight of cementitious material. The at least onedesugared molasses may be added to the cementitious composition in anamount of from about 0.02 to about 0.4 dry weight percent, based on theweight of cementitious material. The at least one desugared molasses maybe added to the cementitious composition in an amount of from about 0.02to about 0.25 dry weight percent, based on the weight of cementitiousmaterial.

The method of any of the second or subsequent embodiments may furthercomprise adding at least one set accelerator and/or at least onestrength enhancer to the cementitious composition, optionally informulation with the desugared molasses. The at least one setaccelerator and/or at least one strength enhancer may be added to thecementitious composition or present in the desugared molassesformulation in an amount of from about 0.0002 to about 2 weight percentnot including added water, based on the weight of cementitious material.

The method of any of the second or subsequent embodiments may furthercomprise adding at least one alkanolamine and/or at least onepolyhydroxyalkylamine to the cementitious composition, optionally informulation with the desugared molasses. The at least one alkanolamineand/or at least one polyhydroxyalkylamine may be added to thecementitious composition or present in the desugared molassesformulation in an amount of from about 0.008 to about 0.1 weight percentnot including added water, based on the weight of cementitious material.

In a third embodiment, an admixture for cementitious compositions maycomprise: (i) at least one desugared molasses; and (ii) at least oneadditional active admixture component, optionally at least one of awater reducer, set retarder, set accelerator, strength enhancer, airdetrainer, corrosion inhibitor, shrinkage reducers, viscosity modifiers,water proffers, permeability reducers, alkali silica reducers, orcombinations thereof.

The admixture of the third embodiment may further include that the setaccelerator and/or strength enhancer comprises at least one alkanolamineand/or at least one polyhydroxyalkylamine.

The admixture of either or both of the third or subsequent embodimentsmay further include that the at least one desugared molasses comprisesat least one of desugared sugar beet molasses, desugared sugar canemolasses or soy molasses.

The admixture of any of the third or subsequent embodiments may furtherinclude the at least one desugared molasses contains an effective amountof from greater than 0% to about 45% sugars by weight, based on the dryweight of the at least one desugared molasses.

The admixture of any of the third or subsequent embodiments may furtherinclude that the at least one desugared molasses contains an effectiveamount of from greater than 0% to about 40% sucrose by weight, based onthe weight of the at least one desugared molasses.

The admixture of any of the third or subsequent embodiments may furtherinclude that the at least one desugared molasses is present in theadmixture in an amount of from about 2 to about 98 weight percent, basedon the total weight of the admixture. The at least one desugaredmolasses may be present in the admixture in an amount of from about 8 toabout 62 weight percent, based on the total weight of the admixture.

The admixture of any of the third or subsequent embodiments may furtherinclude that the at least one alkanolamine and/or at least onepolyhydroxyalkylamine is present in the admixture in an amount of fromabout 0.1 to about 25 weight percent, based on the total weight of theadmixture. The at least one alkanolamine and/or at least onepolyhydroxyalkylamine may be present in the admixture in an amount offrom about 0.2 to about 15 weight percent, based on the total weight ofthe admixture.

It will be understood that the embodiments described herein are merelyexemplary, and that one skilled in the art may make variations andmodifications without departing from the spirit and scope of theinvention. All such variations and modifications are intended to beincluded within the scope of the invention as described hereinabove.Further, all embodiments disclosed are not necessarily in thealternative, as various embodiments of the invention may be combined toprovide the desired result.

What is claimed is:
 1. A cementitious composition comprising at leastone cementitious and/or pozzolanic material and at least one desugaredmolasses, wherein the desugared molasses comprises a product of the MDCprocess.
 2. The cementitious composition of claim 1, wherein the atleast one cementitious and/or pozzolanic material comprises at least oneof cement, fly ash, slag, silica fume or metakaolin.
 3. The cementitiouscomposition of claim 1, wherein the at least one desugared molassescomprises at least one of desugared sugar beet molasses, desugared sugarcane molasses or soy molasses.
 4. The cementitious composition of claim1, wherein the at least one desugared molasses contains an amount offrom greater than 0% to about 45% sugars by weight, based on the dryweight of the at least one desugared molasses.
 5. The cementitiouscomposition of claim 1, wherein the at least one desugared molassescontains an amount of from greater than 0% to about 40% sucrose byweight, based on the dry weight of the at least one desugared molasses.6. The cementitious composition of claim 1, wherein the at least onedesugared molasses is present in the cementitious composition in anamount of from about 0.005 to about 0.4 dry weight percent, based on theweight of cementitious material.
 7. The cementitious composition ofclaim 6, wherein the at least one desugared molasses is present in thecementitious composition in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 0.25dry weight percent, based on the weight of cementitious material.
 8. Thecementitious composition of claim 6, wherein the at least one desugaredmolasses is present in the cementitious composition in an amount of fromabout 0.02 to about 0.4 dry weight percent, based on the weight ofcementitious material.
 9. The cementitious composition of claim 6,wherein the at least one desugared molasses is present in thecementitious composition in an amount of from about 0.02 to about 0.25dry weight percent, based on the weight of cementitious material. 10.The cementitious composition of claim 1, further comprising at least oneset accelerator and/or at least one strength enhancer.
 11. Thecementitious composition of claim 10, wherein the at least one setaccelerator and/or at least one strength enhancer is present in thecementitious composition in an amount of from about 0.0002 to about 2weight percent not including added water, based on the weight ofcementitious material.
 12. The cementitious composition of claim 1,further comprising at least one alkanolamine and/or at least onepolyhydroxyalkylamine.
 13. The cementitious composition of claim 12,wherein the at least one alkanolamine and/or at least onepolyhydroxyalkylamine is present in the cementitious composition in anamount of from about 0.008 to about 0.01 weight percent not includingadded water, based on the weight of cementitious material.
 14. A methodof preparing a cementitious composition comprising forming a mixture ofwater, at least one cementitious and/or pozzolanic material, and atleast one desugared molasses, wherein the desugared molasses comprises aproduct of the MDC process.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the atleast one cementitious and/or pozzolanic material comprises at least oneof cement, fly ash, slag, silica fume or metakaolin.
 16. The method ofclaim 14, wherein the at least one desugared molasses comprises at leastone of desugared sugar beet molasses, desugared sugar cane molasses orsoy molasses.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least onedesugared molasses contains from greater than 0% to about 45% sugars byweight, based on the dry weight of the at least one desugared molasses.18. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least one desugared molassescontains from greater than 0% to about 40% sucrose by weight, based onthe dry weight of the at least one desugared molasses.
 19. The method ofclaim 14, wherein the at least one desugared molasses is present in thecementitious composition in an amount of from about 0.005 to about 0.4dry weight percent, based on the weight of cementitious material. 20.The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one desugared molasses isadded to the cementitious composition in an amount of from about 0.01 toabout 0.25 dry weight percent, based on the weight of cementitiousmaterial.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one desugaredmolasses is added to the cementitious composition in an amount of fromabout 0.02 to about 0.4 dry weight percent, based on the weight ofcementitious material.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the at leastone desugared molasses is added to the cementitious composition in anamount of from about 0.02 to about 0.25 dry weight percent, based on theweight of cementitious material.
 23. The method of claim 14, furthercomprising adding at least one set accelerator and/or at least onestrength enhancer to the cementitious composition, optionally informulation with the desugared molasses.
 24. The method of claim 23,wherein the at least one set accelerator and/or at least one strengthenhancer is added to the cementitious composition or is present in thedesugared molasses formulation in an amount of from about 0.0002 toabout 2 weight percent not including added water, based on the weight ofcementitious material.
 25. The method of claim 14, further comprisingadding at least one alkanolamine and/or at least onepolyhydroxyalkylamine to the cementitious composition, optionally informulation with the desugared molasses.
 26. The method of claim 25,wherein the at least one alkanolamine and/or at least onepolyhydroxyalkylamine is added to the cementitious composition or ispresent in the desugared molasses formulation in an amount of from about0.008 to about 0.1 weight percent not including added water, based onthe weight of cementitious material.
 27. An admixture for cementitiouscompositions comprising: (i) at least one desugared molasses; and (ii)at least one additional active admixture component, optionally at leastone of a water reducer, set retarder, set accelerator, strengthenhancer, air detrainer, corrosion inhibitor, shrinkage reducers,viscosity modifiers, water proffers, permeability reducers, alkalisilica reducers, or combinations thereof; wherein the desugared molassescomprises a product of the MDC process.
 28. The admixture of claim 27,wherein the set accelerator and/or strength enhancer comprises at leastone alkanolamine and/or at least one polyhydroxyalkylamine.
 29. Theadmixture of claim 27, wherein the at least one desugared molassescomprises at least one of desugared sugar beet molasses, desugared sugarcane molasses or soy molasses.
 30. The admixture of claim 27, whereinthe at least one desugared molasses contains an amount of from greaterthan 0% to about 45% sugars by weight, based on the dry weight of the atleast one desugared molasses.
 31. The admixture of claim 27, wherein theat least one desugared molasses contains an amount of from greater than0% to about 40% sucrose by weight, based on the dry weight of the atleast one desugared molasses.
 32. The admixture of claim 27, wherein theat least one desugared molasses is present in the admixture in an amountof from about 2 to about 98 weight percent, based on the total weight ofactive ingredients of the admixture.
 33. The admixture of claim 32,wherein the at least one desugared molasses is present in the admixturein an amount of from about 8 to about 62 weight percent, based on thetotal weight of active ingredients of the admixture.
 34. The admixtureof claim 28, wherein the at least one alkanolamine and/or at least onepolyhydroxyalkylamine is present in the admixture in an amount of fromabout 0.1 to about 25 weight percent, based on the total weight ofactive ingredients of the admixture.
 35. The admixture of claim 34,wherein the at least one alkanolamine and/or at least onepolyhydroxyalkylamine is present in the admixture in an amount of fromabout 0.2 to about 15 weight percent, based on the total weight ofactive ingredients of the admixture.